I've created a new profile and updated the global address list manually with Exchange Management Shell.
Everything worked well. After that I've downloaded the address book to a client but I got the old address book. So i deleted all the .oab files on the client and restarted the download -> again I got old data.
I've tried also to delete ...\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\ExchangeOAB\{GUID} and ...\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\ClientAccess\OAB{GUID} and recreated the address book again. It work well, but I've got the old address book again on the client after deleting .oab files and downloading the new address book.
I don't no what again to do. The only thing I've recognized is, that the oab.xml has an old date of last change. How could that be? I've deleted everything and created it new. All of the .lzx-files are up-to-date.